How the World Really Works: A Scientist’s Guide to Our Past, Present and Future
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- Author：Vaclav Smil
- ISBN：B001XIIE24
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Summary
* THE NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER *
'Another masterpiece from one of my favorite authors 。 。 。 If you want a brief but thorough education in numeric thinking about many of the fundamental forces that shape human life， this is the book to read。 It's a tour de force' BILL GATES
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We have never had so much information at our fingertips and yet most of us don't know how the world really works。 This book explains seven of the most fundamental realities governing our survival and prosperity。 From energy and food production， through our material world and its globalization， to risks， our environment and its future， How the World Really Works offers a much-needed reality check - because before we can tackle problems effectively， we must understand the facts。
In this ambitious and thought-provoking book we see， for example， that globalization isn't inevitable and that our societies have been steadily increasing their dependence on fossil fuels， making their complete and rapid elimination unlikely。 Drawing on the latest science and tackling sources of misinformation head on - from Yuval Noah Harari to Noam Chomsky - ultimately Smil answers the most profound question of our age: are we irrevocably doomed or is a brighter utopia ahead？
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'Very informative and eye-opening in many ways' HA-JOON CHANG， author of 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism
'If you are anxious about the future， and infuriated that we aren't doing enough about it， please read this book' PAUL COLLIER， author of The Future of Capitalism
'Another masterpiece from one of my favorite authors 。 。 。 If you want a brief but thorough education in numeric thinking about many of the fundamental forces that shape human life， this is the book to read。 It's a tour de force' BILL GATES
__________
We have never had so much information at our fingertips and yet most of us don't know how the world really works。 This book explains seven of the most fundamental realities governing our survival and prosperity。 From energy and food production， through our material world and its globalization， to risks， our environment and its future， How the World Really Works offers a much-needed reality check - because before we can tackle problems effectively， we must understand the facts。
In this ambitious and thought-provoking book we see， for example， that globalization isn't inevitable and that our societies have been steadily increasing their dependence on fossil fuels， making their complete and rapid elimination unlikely。 Drawing on the latest science and tackling sources of misinformation head on - from Yuval Noah Harari to Noam Chomsky - ultimately Smil answers the most profound question of our age: are we irrevocably doomed or is a brighter utopia ahead？
__________
'Very informative and eye-opening in many ways' HA-JOON CHANG， author of 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism
'If you are anxious about the future， and infuriated that we aren't doing enough about it， please read this book' PAUL COLLIER， author of The Future of Capitalism
Reviews
Hugo
，
Good summary about the world dependency on energy， but the title is definitely too ambitious。 I’d recommend the book to have a good idea of the dependency of the actual world on fossil fuels， namely on nutrition， life expectancy and globalization。
Quinton
，
This was a good read on some basic （to some， but new to others） info on how the world （primarily focusing on energy consumption and needs） really works。 THe majority of this book is with respect to fossil fuels， and how we're nowhere near being able to stop using them。 They are needed in so many areas outside of automotive needs， particularly in food production。 It was a good read， and great for those who are thinking about the future， this will bring them back to reality a bit， and tamper any p This was a good read on some basic （to some， but new to others） info on how the world （primarily focusing on energy consumption and needs） really works。 THe majority of this book is with respect to fossil fuels， and how we're nowhere near being able to stop using them。 They are needed in so many areas outside of automotive needs， particularly in food production。 It was a good read， and great for those who are thinking about the future， this will bring them back to reality a bit， and tamper any predictions。 。。。more
Siem
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Steel， ammonia， plastics， concrete and orders of magnitude
Duane S。
，
This book is not an easy-to-read， popular science book。 I liked it， but I have a degree in physics。 You have been warned！ I don't think the book is particularly well-written。 Sometimes the listing of facts and figures gets a bit tedious。 Also， the book title is completely misleading。 The overarching theme of the book is climate change。 The first chapter was an excellent discussion of energy， but it was mostly downhill from there。 The author claims he is neither an optimist nor a pessimist， but a This book is not an easy-to-read， popular science book。 I liked it， but I have a degree in physics。 You have been warned！ I don't think the book is particularly well-written。 Sometimes the listing of facts and figures gets a bit tedious。 Also， the book title is completely misleading。 The overarching theme of the book is climate change。 The first chapter was an excellent discussion of energy， but it was mostly downhill from there。 The author claims he is neither an optimist nor a pessimist， but a scientist。 （I would say a realist。） But to me， he paints a rather pessimistic picture。 In a nutshell， he basically argues that we aren't going to be able to shift away from fossil fuels by anything like the times targeted by the IPCC。 （Zero net carbon emissions by 2050， etc。） Although electricity generation CAN possibly be switched to renewables， the problem is that electrical generation only accounts for about 18% （I think） of the total energy use。 Manufacturing materials like steel and concrete is a huge source of CO2 as is agriculture and fertilizer。 Smil suggests things like triple-glazed windows， reducing food wastes， and reducing our meat consumption as ways of combating climate change。 He may very well be right， but sometimes he comes off as an angry old man。 He dismisses the efforts to come up with a technology to remove CO2 from the atmosphere， but I think that's what it's going to take。 。。。more
Phil
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Very useful， lucid account of some of the basic physical and environmental facts that define and constrain us。 I'm a bit embarrassed by the book's revelation of my ignorance of so much fundamental information。 Very useful， lucid account of some of the basic physical and environmental facts that define and constrain us。 I'm a bit embarrassed by the book's revelation of my ignorance of so much fundamental information。 。。。more
Tony
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I’ve read a few of these meta books already and this one is good but a bit late to the party IMHO。 Offers a few different takes。 Written by an expert who spent a lot of time thinking about these issues
William Harrington
，
This is a scientits look at global warming。 Giving facts and figure about how we got here。 I provides little in the way of solutions。 It is what it is。 Almost a quarter of the book is consumed with references and notes and an index。 At least it is well documented。 The author seems to have been good at gathering information and presenting it in an organized manner。
Eric Plunkett
，
This was a disappointing read。 Lots of data， no answers whatsoever。 It's fine to point out the difficulty of the needed clean energy revolution。 But to dismiss it out of hand without offering an alternative is pessimistic and uncreative。Many parts of human society have changed more quickly than critics anticipated。 That they were social， as opposed to infrastructural， is important， but not necessarily damning。 And we've also experienced rapid technological transformation。 Why couldn't a comparab This was a disappointing read。 Lots of data， no answers whatsoever。 It's fine to point out the difficulty of the needed clean energy revolution。 But to dismiss it out of hand without offering an alternative is pessimistic and uncreative。Many parts of human society have changed more quickly than critics anticipated。 That they were social， as opposed to infrastructural， is important， but not necessarily damning。 And we've also experienced rapid technological transformation。 Why couldn't a comparable change that took 60 years before take 15 now， given the pace of change that's possible？ We don't know how fast we can transition society until/unless we try。 I appreciate that there are real， physical constraints。 I don't appreciate the dismissal of the attempt， as it's literally existential。 The author's tone is also problematic。 There must be a way to help people understand how the world works without sounding like an arrogant prick。 It must be lonely being the only smart person among a population of morons。 。。。more
MCB
，
Despite the somewhat annoying book title （and a latent feeling of superiority in the author's narrative style throughout）， this book made me take a step back and rethink important current discussions on food production and security， energy transitions and climate change。 Smil is an American scientist， who is best known for popularising energy-related topics。 Smil was propelled to write this book to bring some order into an age of alleged "disinformation" and "hysteria"， particularly as concerns Despite the somewhat annoying book title （and a latent feeling of superiority in the author's narrative style throughout）， this book made me take a step back and rethink important current discussions on food production and security， energy transitions and climate change。 Smil is an American scientist， who is best known for popularising energy-related topics。 Smil was propelled to write this book to bring some order into an age of alleged "disinformation" and "hysteria"， particularly as concerns discussing climate change。 While that is great and all， let's not pretend any writing is truly factual。。。Smil provides a careful review of how our economies are vastly depend on fossil fuels （energy， food， plastics， metals， cement） and how it is unrealistic to expect we will transition towards carbon-neutral societies by 2050 （as pledged by the EU）。 In a nutshell， he says moving away from carbon will come at a huge economic and social price （cuts in our standards of living in the West， potentially denying the modernisation of nations of Asia and Africa） and is only achievable if truly global。 Even if we did make the necessary pledges， he warns that the first significant decline of global mean surface temperatures would take several decades。 （Personal note: how appealing that is for a politician with a five-year mandate is questionable）。The odd feeling I got reading Smil is that in the first half of his book， he appears to be praising the carbon fuelled energies that got us to where we are。 He then proceeds to explain why climate change is bad and that immediate action should be taken。 He offers some guidance on how this should be done but none of it is really knew （increasing investments， the need for sobriety。。。）。A point he makes which I did find interesting was that wether we like it or not， uncertainties and the unknown remains the essence of the human condition - human's best laid plans will always be upset by unforeseen events which will force us to adapt and rethink。 "The evolution of societies is affected by the unpredictability of human behaviour， by sudden shifts of long-lasting trajectories， by the rise and fall of nations， and is accompanied by our ability to enact meaningful change。" There were certainly areas where I found myself in disagreement （e。g。， treatment of nuclear）， but overall， this book offered ONE macro perspective on the current world status that I found interesting （albeit not original）。 I definitely learned some things （science is so wonderfully fascinating and complex）， and the book triggered some questions/reflexions。 Would recommend overall :） 。。。more
Aditya Sen
，
Good book but a summary would do enough。 Pros - Talks about the importance of knowing how the world involved。 Some examples include the importance of energy in not just the obvious use but on it's linkage to food production。 The importance of steel， cement， ammonia， and plastics。 How globalization took over。 Cons - too many numbers and data points。 Makes it hard to remember much。 Good book but a summary would do enough。 Pros - Talks about the importance of knowing how the world involved。 Some examples include the importance of energy in not just the obvious use but on it's linkage to food production。 The importance of steel， cement， ammonia， and plastics。 How globalization took over。 Cons - too many numbers and data points。 Makes it hard to remember much。 。。。more
Jason Furman
，
The best of this book is astoundingly good--particularly the first several chapters on energy， foods and what Vaclav Smil calls the four pillars of the modern world （cement， steel， plastic and ammonia）。 As it went on， however， to topics like globalization， viruses， diets， and more， it felt a little bit more listy， in some cases obvious， and I was occasionally annoyed by Vaclav Smil's somewhat smug tone of condescension towards just about everyone else who thinks about these issues。Smil's strengt The best of this book is astoundingly good--particularly the first several chapters on energy， foods and what Vaclav Smil calls the four pillars of the modern world （cement， steel， plastic and ammonia）。 As it went on， however， to topics like globalization， viruses， diets， and more， it felt a little bit more listy， in some cases obvious， and I was occasionally annoyed by Vaclav Smil's somewhat smug tone of condescension towards just about everyone else who thinks about these issues。Smil's strength is he looks at how things work as a whole， using large numbers to capture the massive amounts of energy we use， how that energy is turned into food， alternatives for the sources of it。 If you ask people what is essential to the modern world that we couldn't live without many would probably say microchips， but Smil points out we got pretty far as a civilization without them--but that without cement， steel， plastic and ammonia we could not have anything resembling modern cities， health care， ability to feed the world， and more。Overall Smil is not particularly specific about policy but is a pragmatist whose message is that it will be impossible to make radical transformations anytime soon， whether those transformations are the cessation of fossil fuels or shifting to urban agriculture。 A lot of his thinking and arguing is a little bit more total analysis （"cannot entirely get rid of blank"） than marginal analysis （"the cost of getting rid of some of blank is less than the benefit"）。Overall I do recommend it--but if you just read the first half you'll get most of the benefit。 。。。more
Handel George
，
A realistic primer for those who are trying to understand complex interdependencies of the world。 However， the author utterly fails to address the relationships in ecological systems。 Maybe because ecology isn't really his forte or did I expect more and felt disappointed？ But then how could the 'world' be complete without flora and fauna？ A realistic primer for those who are trying to understand complex interdependencies of the world。 However， the author utterly fails to address the relationships in ecological systems。 Maybe because ecology isn't really his forte or did I expect more and felt disappointed？ But then how could the 'world' be complete without flora and fauna？ 。。。more
Nilesh Makan
，
This book is dense with information on so many current and relevant topics。 It is especially recommended for anyone interested in the field of energy。 It highlights the pervasiveness of our reliance on fossil fuels， it looks at how this impacts food production， it considers the extent of growth and it's risks and impacts and considers globalisation andb technology。 While these are huge challenges that are complex and adaptive， we know that the future is not predetermined。 We need to take action This book is dense with information on so many current and relevant topics。 It is especially recommended for anyone interested in the field of energy。 It highlights the pervasiveness of our reliance on fossil fuels， it looks at how this impacts food production， it considers the extent of growth and it's risks and impacts and considers globalisation andb technology。 While these are huge challenges that are complex and adaptive， we know that the future is not predetermined。 We need to take action today to effect the world of tomorrow。 This book provides the impetus for action。 。。。more
Nick
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[Audiobook]
Michael
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I really enjoyed how numerical this book was。 I don't exactly agree with all of Smil's conclusions about climate change and transformative technologies。 I think he doesn't account enough for the potential of significant technological breakthroughs， but his overall groundedness in the reality of numbers helps clarify what can sometimes be a bit cloudy。 I really enjoyed how numerical this book was。 I don't exactly agree with all of Smil's conclusions about climate change and transformative technologies。 I think he doesn't account enough for the potential of significant technological breakthroughs， but his overall groundedness in the reality of numbers helps clarify what can sometimes be a bit cloudy。 。。。more
Jonathan
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First half is excellent: he clearly explains the dynamics behind energy， agriculture， and materials at global scale。 4stars if it ended there。 But then it deteriorates into a repetitive， curmudgeonly critique of。。。pretty much everyone。
Ryan
，
Felt way smarter having read this。
John
，
A riveting exploration of all the things we worry about most。 He doesn't offer much by way of answers， but he also encourages individuals to engage in lifestyles that make a positive， albeit small， difference。 A riveting exploration of all the things we worry about most。 He doesn't offer much by way of answers， but he also encourages individuals to engage in lifestyles that make a positive， albeit small， difference。 。。。more
Muhammad Pattal
，
The book gives an explicit understanding on some of the very significant indispensables involved in life and some ordinary expendables veneered as imperative（s） by capitalists to the extent of causal of irrevocable global havoc。
Nedyalko Dervenkov
，
An astonishing book that gives a great perspective on human realism （mainly） through the perspective of energy dependency。 The language of the book is affordable in comparison to Smil's prevoius work。 A must read！ An astonishing book that gives a great perspective on human realism （mainly） through the perspective of energy dependency。 The language of the book is affordable in comparison to Smil's prevoius work。 A must read！ 。。。more
Chuck Kollars
，
This is probably Vaclav Smil's last book， and he knows it， and so wrote it a little differently from all his others。 Rather than his usual "just the facts， ma'am" style， he ventures a few of his own thoughts on the numbers he presents。 As always， he avoids any polemics of the "we do have a problem" or "we don't have a problem" sort。 But he does try to be REALISTIC about what solutions will cost， how long they'll take， and how much economic disruption they'll cause。 And he's rather critical of pu This is probably Vaclav Smil's last book， and he knows it， and so wrote it a little differently from all his others。 Rather than his usual "just the facts， ma'am" style， he ventures a few of his own thoughts on the numbers he presents。 As always， he avoids any polemics of the "we do have a problem" or "we don't have a problem" sort。 But he does try to be REALISTIC about what solutions will cost， how long they'll take， and how much economic disruption they'll cause。 And he's rather critical of public figures that say things that are manifestly un-realistic （regardless of what side they're on）。 His style is a little dry and uneven as usual， but as usual the firehose of factual information more than makes up for that。 Once again he largely sticks with the "energy scientist" thought framework 。。。even as much of what he presents this time suggests the biggest factor in whether or not the world resolves its problems will be group psychology。He delves into several different areas and presents an overview of each one。 On food production， he makes it clear there's no chance of growing enough food for our current population without massive use of industrial fertlilizer （i。e fixed nitrogen in the form of ammonia）， and making such fertilizer consumes a lot of energy 。。。not nearly the total calorie count of the food produced， but nevertheless a very substantial amount。 He describes how our current civilization heavily uses what he calls the four pillars of the material world: cement， steel， plastics， and ammonia （fixed nitrogen）。 The amounts the world currently uses are _immense_ - they are several orders of magnitude higher than what I would have guessed。 And in all four cases their production is very （and probably unavoidably） energy intensive。 The suggestion our electric grid could soon be 100% "green" is much less significant than it seems at first， as the production of these four pillars alone consumes a similar order of magnitude of energy as the entire electric grid。 He shows that usage of all four pillars has risen _a_lot_ in just the past few decades; analysis and solutions appropriate to the world economy as late as 1990 are wildly unrealistic for the current world economy。 He considers our "information revolution" （PCs， smartphones， etc。）。 He shows that although our silicon toys have gotten- and continue to have- a whole lot of mindshare， to date they've fundamentally changed very little， and won't much affect our civilization's energy usage in the future no matter what。 He considers likely future changes and risks - globalization， viral plagues， wrecked biosphere， and more generally "the apocalypse" and "the singularity"。 His main conclusion -based on both history and theory- is that predictions are usually so wildly off the mark that we shouldn't even use them as the main driver of long term policy。 And he can't help saying what he _really_ thinks about those who have offered public predictions （such as that we'll transition to green energy in the next twenty years） 。。。and what he thinks about them isn't at all positive。 Once in a while he throws out a small fact that's almost always overlooked but in fact is actually quite interesting and important。 Examples include that base jumping involves a risk of death at least an order of magnitude larger than anything else， that many calculations produce a different result than usual when only seniors near the end of life are considered， and that the quickest way to dramatically reduce carbon emissions is simply to get rid of SUVs。 Perhaps the most sobering thing he says is that even if the entire world starts right now to try really hard to solve climate change， a whole generation will pass before the effects are plainly visible。 Maintaining a policy for fifty years in the face of no positive feedback for the first twenty-five will be a difficult problem indeed。 。。。more
Ha Tran Nguyen Phuong
，
We live in the physical world but we forget how complex the underlying infrastructure that allows the world to function is。 Great book that explains the complexity and scale that we are dealing with。
Victor Lu
，
An honest look at modern global society with a slightly scientific bend。
Julius
，
Decided to read this because of my growing interest in energy as well as Bill Gate's compelling recommendation。 It did not disappoint。Recommend to1） people who value cross-disciplinary learning2） people who value critical thinking and want to learn about the world3） people who believe ESG initiatives are underappreciated and deserve more investment。 Decided to read this because of my growing interest in energy as well as Bill Gate's compelling recommendation。 It did not disappoint。Recommend to1） people who value cross-disciplinary learning2） people who value critical thinking and want to learn about the world3） people who believe ESG initiatives are underappreciated and deserve more investment。 。。。more
Ita
，
I didn't finish this because this is a book that needs to be read， not listened to。 Will have to get it from the library。 I didn't finish this because this is a book that needs to be read， not listened to。 Will have to get it from the library。 。。。more
Greg Talbot
，
Between Armageddon and singularity， we may find our future。 Part of what makes Vaclav Smil’s “How the World Really Works” so effective is that it provides a more time-rich， data-driven and imaginative view of the world could be。 Asking us to imagine the perspective of Earth from the peripatetic alien species， we begin to appreciate the longview of our 4-billion year ascent。 “ I’m not a pessimist or an optimist， I am a scientist” （p。228）， Smile states。 His great strength as a writer is translatin Between Armageddon and singularity， we may find our future。 Part of what makes Vaclav Smil’s “How the World Really Works” so effective is that it provides a more time-rich， data-driven and imaginative view of the world could be。 Asking us to imagine the perspective of Earth from the peripatetic alien species， we begin to appreciate the longview of our 4-billion year ascent。 “ I’m not a pessimist or an optimist， I am a scientist” （p。228）， Smile states。 His great strength as a writer is translating scale of the technological world to a general audience。 Here we can imagine microprocessors the size of half a nail。 We can appreciate the strength of reinforced concrete able to withstand an elephant foot on an upright coin。Hooking us early with the recurrent theme of human behavior existing from energy transformation。 Quoting Robert Ayres， he states ‘ the economic system is essentially a system for extracting， processing and transforming energy as resources into energy embodied in products， and services; （p。21）。 A point that Smil returns to will be the four components of the modern world that build our energy extraction systems。 These four components: steel， cement， ammonia and plastics。 The argument is that these four elements are indispensable to the modern world。 Understanding energy， and transporting it in it’s forms is at the core of the abstract understanding of the material world。 The conversion and transport of this energy in all it’s forms has changed the natural world and is responsible for the technological revolution and impending climate crisis。 The demand for fossil carbon is about 10 billion tons a year now （p。42）， and even the green revolution we envision is structured on the bones of the fossil fuels we seek to eliminate。At times the process-orientation and detail-heaviness of industry terms is dizzying。 We may read the details of plastic from fossil fuel burning to the linking of the bonded chemicals to form this new substance。 We explore the properties and functions of these four materials in detail。 And the effect is in all of our infrastructure - from the nitrogen-rich fertilizer to the reinforced cement of our highways。 We also address the crises from the industry-rich world。 The plastic polymers in the ocean and excessive carbon in the air must be addressed for life to continue in a way we accept as normal。When we envision our future， we ultimately look to the past。 Not because it’s an extension or foretold， but material flows and conversion is ultimately what enables our existence。 A book like this helps lead the way to understanding that global path forward， and peaks into the black boxes of oil reserves， global trade and technology that keep it going。 。。。more
Evan Procknow
，
Calories and Joules:Smil does a good job of counting both calories and joules and outlining the required carbon-based energy sources to extract and cultivate them。 While recounting the ways that ammonia， steal， plastics， and concrete， Smil argues that improvements to technology drive history， essentially fetishizing technological improvements。 This is quite ironic as he castigates the （misguided） dreams of technological utopians。Smil complete omission of any political economy， culture， society a Calories and Joules:Smil does a good job of counting both calories and joules and outlining the required carbon-based energy sources to extract and cultivate them。 While recounting the ways that ammonia， steal， plastics， and concrete， Smil argues that improvements to technology drive history， essentially fetishizing technological improvements。 This is quite ironic as he castigates the （misguided） dreams of technological utopians。Smil complete omission of any political economy， culture， society and other structural factors blunt any notion that he is explaining how the world "works。" Two historical examples will demonstrate this yawning gap， the invention of ammonia extraction by the Harber-Bosch process and the James Watt's invention of the Steam Engine。The Harber-Bosch process developed in the 1910s enabled the production of ammonia in industrial capabilities。 It uses included production of explosives and fertilizers。 Whilst the invention of this technology was key， it was built on the foundation of the establishment of the Kaiserreich and the creation of the modern technical German-initiated university both factors unmentioned by Smil。 Furthermore， its adoption and diffusion outside Germany was due to factors of political economy， not merely the enlightened adoption of a superior technological process。The second example， the invention of the Steam Engine by James Watt is well known。 This machine was invented in 1776 and actually represents an improvement over an already existing device （Thomas Newcomen's device invented in 1712）。 This device enabled further exploitation of British coal mines by pumping water out of the coal pits。 However， as shown by Barrington Moore， the enclosure of common lands， essentially due to reasons of political economy in the 16th century was arguably more decisive of a factor。 Additionally， as outlined by Kenneth Pomeranz， the divergence in the economic trajectory of the UK and Northern China was not due to questions of resources but political economy。 Both regions had access to coal and were roughly equal in GDP/per capital on the eve of the Industrial Revolution。 The answer again is political economy as land and labor was plentiful in China obviating the need to adopt efficiencies of organization and technology seen in the UK。However uncharitable of a review I'm giving a book feted by Steven Pinker and Bill Gates， I do think Smil's research provides a good dose of reality as he meticulously counts calories and joules。 I am eager to read his more academic work， particularly Energy and Civilization: A History。 Unfortunately， I cannot recommend this book to anyone but those who frequent airport Hudson News' and enjoy Steven Pinker and Malcolm Gladwell。 。。。more
Dorner
，
Every 10 minutes I was like "Oh wow THAT'S how the world really works？"And I'm not exagerating。 Every 10 minutes I was like "Oh wow THAT'S how the world really works？"And I'm not exagerating。 。。。more
Ricardo Shimoda
，
This book takes on a clinic， verging on cynic， view of the world and its dependency on carbon to meet most of its energy needs， linking energy production to the production of everything we know and use in the real world， while， at the same time， taking care not to go into predicting either an apocalyptic future and/or a and utopian one。 The reality is weirdly strong and fragile and inertia is as strong as the motivation to change。
Boan
，